Portugal
Human have lived in Portugal since about 30,000. In 210 BC the Romans invaded the Iberian Peninsula. In 193 BC, led by their ruler Viriatus, the Lusitani rebelled against Roman rule. They fought the Romans for decades and they were only defeated in 139 BC when Viriatus was captured. In 409 Germanic peoples invaded the Iberian peninsula and Roman rule collapsed. By 585 the Visigoths had conquered Portugal. In 711 Moors from North Africa invaded the Iberian peninsula. They quickly conquered southern Portugal and they ruled it for centuries. However they were unable to permanently subdue northern Portugal. Meanwhile a little Visigothic statelet slowly grew to the north. By the 11th century it was known as Portucalae or Portugal. The Counts of Portugal were vassals of the king of Leon. In 1095 the king of Leon granted Portugal to his daughter Dona Teresa and her husband. When her husband died Dona Teresa ruled as regent for her son. She married a Galician noble but the Portuguese nobles were alarmed at the prospect of a union with Galicia. They rebelled and led by her son Dom Alfonso Henriques they defeated Teresa. Afterwards Alfonso Henriques became ruler of Portugal. By 1140 Alfonso called himself king of. Alfonso set about reconquering territory from the Moors. In 1139 Alfonso defeated the Moors at Ourique.
When King Fernando died in the late 14th century his daughter Beatriz became queen. She was married to Juan of Castile. Some Portuguese feared that Portugal would become united with Castile and cease to be independent. They rose in rebellion. The king of Castile invaded Portugal to support his wife. The war went on for 2 years. Finally the Castilians were routed by a Portuguese army at the battle of Aljubarrota. Dom Jaoa then became king and Portugal remained independent.
In 1807 a French army invaded Portugal. The court fled to Brazil. After 3 years of fighting the French were driven out of Portugal in 1811. In 1820 there was a revolution in Portugal while the king was still in Brazil. In his absence a group of army officers seized power and a 'constitutional Cortes' was formed to draw up a new constitution. King Joao VI died in 1826. The heir to the throne, Pedro, was emperor of an independent Brazil and he had no wish to rule Portugal as well. He abdicated the throne of Portugal in favor of his 7-year-old daughter Maria da Gloria. Since she was only a child her uncle Miguel would rule as regent. Miguel, the regent, made himself absolute ruler. Pedro returned from Brazil and made himself regent. He and his brother battled, and were both sent into exile.
In 1926 the army took power. In 1932 Antonio de Oliveira Salazar became prime minister. Salazar became a virtual dictator. In 1968 Salazar was forced to resign through ill health. He was replaced by Marcelo Caetano. Meanwhile increasing discontent in the army led officers to form the Movimento das Forcas Armadas (MFA). On 25 April 1974 the army staged a coup, it became known as the Carnation Revolution. Democracy was restored in Portugal. In 1986 Portugal joined the EU.
When King Fernando died in the late 14th century his daughter Beatriz became queen. She was married to Juan of Castile. Some Portuguese feared that Portugal would become united with Castile and cease to be independent. They rose in rebellion. The king of Castile invaded Portugal to support his wife. The war went on for 2 years. Finally the Castilians were routed by a Portuguese army at the battle of Aljubarrota. Dom Jaoa then became king and Portugal remained independent.
In 1807 a French army invaded Portugal. The court fled to Brazil. After 3 years of fighting the French were driven out of Portugal in 1811. In 1820 there was a revolution in Portugal while the king was still in Brazil. In his absence a group of army officers seized power and a 'constitutional Cortes' was formed to draw up a new constitution. King Joao VI died in 1826. The heir to the throne, Pedro, was emperor of an independent Brazil and he had no wish to rule Portugal as well. He abdicated the throne of Portugal in favor of his 7-year-old daughter Maria da Gloria. Since she was only a child her uncle Miguel would rule as regent. Miguel, the regent, made himself absolute ruler. Pedro returned from Brazil and made himself regent. He and his brother battled, and were both sent into exile.
In 1926 the army took power. In 1932 Antonio de Oliveira Salazar became prime minister. Salazar became a virtual dictator. In 1968 Salazar was forced to resign through ill health. He was replaced by Marcelo Caetano. Meanwhile increasing discontent in the army led officers to form the Movimento das Forcas Armadas (MFA). On 25 April 1974 the army staged a coup, it became known as the Carnation Revolution. Democracy was restored in Portugal. In 1986 Portugal joined the EU.
Braga
During the Iron Age, the Castro culture extended into the northwest, characterized by Bracari peoples. The region became the domain of the Callaici Bracarii, or Bracarenses, a Celtic tribe who occupied what is now northern Portugal, Galicia and Asturias in the north west of Iberia. The Romans began their conquest of the region around 136 BC, and finished it during the reign of Emperor Augustus. The civitas of Bracara Augusta was founded in 20 BC. The city of Bracara Augusta developed greatly during the 1st century and reached its maximum extension around the 2nd century. Towards the end of the 3rd century, Emperor Diocletianus promoted the city to the status of capital of the administrative area.
During the Germanic Invasion of the Iberian Peninsula, the area was conquered by the Suebi, a Germanic people from Central Europe. In 410, the Suebi established a kingdom in northwest Iberia, which they maintained as Gallaecia, and made Bracara their capital. About 584, the Visigothic conquerors of Hispania took control of Gallaecia. As a consequence, the archbishops of Braga later claimed the title of Primate of Portugal, then a county, and for a long period, claimed supremacy over the entire Hispanic church. Braga had an important role in the Christianization of the Iberian Peninsula. The transition from Visigothic reigns to the Muslim conquest of Iberia was very obscure, representing a period of transition and decline for the city. The Moors captured Braga early in the 8th century, but were eventually repelled by Christian forces under Ferdinand I of Leon and Castile in 1040. As a consequence, the bishopric was restored in 1070. Between 1093 to 1147, Braga became the residential seat of the Portuguese court.
In the 16th century, due to its distance from the coast and provincial status, Braga did not profit from the adventures associated with the Age of Portuguese Discoveries. Yet, Archbishop Diogo de Sousa managed to modernize the community, generally turning the mediaeval town into a Renaissance city. With the invasion of French troops, during the Peninsular War the city was relegated, once again, to a provincial status. But, by the second half of that century, with influence from Portuguese immigrants living in Brazil, new money and tastes resulted in improvements to architecture and infrastructures.
In the 20th century Braga faced similar periods of growth and decline; demographic and urban pressures, from urban-to-rural migration meant that the city's infrastructures had to be improved in order to satisfy greater demands.
During the Germanic Invasion of the Iberian Peninsula, the area was conquered by the Suebi, a Germanic people from Central Europe. In 410, the Suebi established a kingdom in northwest Iberia, which they maintained as Gallaecia, and made Bracara their capital. About 584, the Visigothic conquerors of Hispania took control of Gallaecia. As a consequence, the archbishops of Braga later claimed the title of Primate of Portugal, then a county, and for a long period, claimed supremacy over the entire Hispanic church. Braga had an important role in the Christianization of the Iberian Peninsula. The transition from Visigothic reigns to the Muslim conquest of Iberia was very obscure, representing a period of transition and decline for the city. The Moors captured Braga early in the 8th century, but were eventually repelled by Christian forces under Ferdinand I of Leon and Castile in 1040. As a consequence, the bishopric was restored in 1070. Between 1093 to 1147, Braga became the residential seat of the Portuguese court.
In the 16th century, due to its distance from the coast and provincial status, Braga did not profit from the adventures associated with the Age of Portuguese Discoveries. Yet, Archbishop Diogo de Sousa managed to modernize the community, generally turning the mediaeval town into a Renaissance city. With the invasion of French troops, during the Peninsular War the city was relegated, once again, to a provincial status. But, by the second half of that century, with influence from Portuguese immigrants living in Brazil, new money and tastes resulted in improvements to architecture and infrastructures.
In the 20th century Braga faced similar periods of growth and decline; demographic and urban pressures, from urban-to-rural migration meant that the city's infrastructures had to be improved in order to satisfy greater demands.
The Archiepiscopal Court
The Archiepiscopal Court is one of Braga's most significant historic buildings. The palace is in fact is a set of three interconnected buildings each with its own character reflecting the different styles and periods in which they were built. The oldest section of the building is the medieval Gothic style Eastern wing which looks out over the Santa Barbara Garden. This castellated granite section dates to the 14th and 15th centuries. The South wing, which forms the Pao Square, contains various buildings dating from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. The final wing, which faces onto the Municipal Square was built in the 18th century to a design by André Soares. It is a fine example of the Portuguese Northern Baroque style.
The Archiepiscopal Court is one of Braga's most significant historic buildings. The palace is in fact is a set of three interconnected buildings each with its own character reflecting the different styles and periods in which they were built. The oldest section of the building is the medieval Gothic style Eastern wing which looks out over the Santa Barbara Garden. This castellated granite section dates to the 14th and 15th centuries. The South wing, which forms the Pao Square, contains various buildings dating from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. The final wing, which faces onto the Municipal Square was built in the 18th century to a design by André Soares. It is a fine example of the Portuguese Northern Baroque style.
Arch of the New Gate
The Arch of the New Gate is a Baroque and Neoclassical arch, designed by Andre Soares in the late 18th century. The triumphal arch which decorates the western entrance to the medieval wall of the city, was opened in 1512 and traditionally used to present the city's keys to dignitaries and celebrities. It was King Ferdinand who eventually completed the wall of city of Braga around 1373, a project begun during the reign of his predecessor King Denis, a project that called for a Torre da Porta Nova (Tower of the New City Gate). Around 1505 and, and lasting to 1532, archbishop Diogo de Sousa had people working on the construction of the Porta Nova (New Gate). Sometime in the 17th century, Archbishop José de Bragana, ordered the reconstruction of the Porta Nova gate, to include the extension of Rococo decoration.
These arches never had a gate on them, and it allowed for anyone to enter and exit the city. Before, anyone who wanted to enter or leave had to be questioned by the city guard and pay a tax, but after these arches were installed that was no longer the case.
The Arch of the New Gate is a Baroque and Neoclassical arch, designed by Andre Soares in the late 18th century. The triumphal arch which decorates the western entrance to the medieval wall of the city, was opened in 1512 and traditionally used to present the city's keys to dignitaries and celebrities. It was King Ferdinand who eventually completed the wall of city of Braga around 1373, a project begun during the reign of his predecessor King Denis, a project that called for a Torre da Porta Nova (Tower of the New City Gate). Around 1505 and, and lasting to 1532, archbishop Diogo de Sousa had people working on the construction of the Porta Nova (New Gate). Sometime in the 17th century, Archbishop José de Bragana, ordered the reconstruction of the Porta Nova gate, to include the extension of Rococo decoration.
These arches never had a gate on them, and it allowed for anyone to enter and exit the city. Before, anyone who wanted to enter or leave had to be questioned by the city guard and pay a tax, but after these arches were installed that was no longer the case.
Bom Jesús Do Monte
In 1722 the Archbishop of Braga commissioned the construction of a Sacred Way, so the faithful could walk the Stations of the Cross for penance and contemplation. It was completed in 1811. Although it has no associations with any visions or saints, it has been a popular place of pilgrimage ever since. Made of dark granite covered in bright white plaster, the Sacred Way is a Baroque double staircase with several switchbacks. The numerous landings and the grounds of the sanctuary are filled with interesting gardens, grottoes, small chapels, sculptures, and allegorical fountains. The first fountain symbolizes the wounds of Christ, the next five the senses, and the final three the virtues.The Baroque basilica at the top is 400 meters above sea level and provides visitors with a sweeping view of Braga, the beaches of Esposende and Viana do Castelo.
In 1722 the Archbishop of Braga commissioned the construction of a Sacred Way, so the faithful could walk the Stations of the Cross for penance and contemplation. It was completed in 1811. Although it has no associations with any visions or saints, it has been a popular place of pilgrimage ever since. Made of dark granite covered in bright white plaster, the Sacred Way is a Baroque double staircase with several switchbacks. The numerous landings and the grounds of the sanctuary are filled with interesting gardens, grottoes, small chapels, sculptures, and allegorical fountains. The first fountain symbolizes the wounds of Christ, the next five the senses, and the final three the virtues.The Baroque basilica at the top is 400 meters above sea level and provides visitors with a sweeping view of Braga, the beaches of Esposende and Viana do Castelo.
Braga Cathedral
The Diocese of Braga (then called Bracara Augusta) dates from the 3rd century AD. It is one of the oldest on the Iberian peninsula and was the headquarters for the Christian missionary effort in Gallaecia. After Roman power was dissolved by invading Germanic tribes, Braga became the capital of the Suebi Kingdom (409 to 584). Bishop Martin of Dumio, a great religious figure of the time, converted the Suebi to Catholicism around 550. The importance of Braga diminished during Visigoth times and after the arrival of the Arabs (716) it lost its status as a bishopric.
The bishopric of Braga was restored around 1071 after the city was back into Christian hands, and Bishop Pedro soon began work on a cathedral. It was consecrated in 1089, when only the eastern chapels were finished. In 1107, Count Henri de Bourgogne and Bishop Geraldo de Moissac managed to convince the Pope to turn Braga into a powerful archbishopric, with authority over much of the surrounding area. Construction on the cathedral was then resumed under Henri de Bourgogne and Dona Teresa, and continued throughout the 12th century. It was destroyed in an earthquake in 1135, but the cathedral was rebuilt and became one of the most important buildings of the Portuguese Romanesque and the main monument of the city. The cathedral houses the tombs of Henry of Burgundy and his wife, Teresa de Leon, as well as the count and countess of the Portugal, the parents of King Alfonso I of Portugal.
The Diocese of Braga (then called Bracara Augusta) dates from the 3rd century AD. It is one of the oldest on the Iberian peninsula and was the headquarters for the Christian missionary effort in Gallaecia. After Roman power was dissolved by invading Germanic tribes, Braga became the capital of the Suebi Kingdom (409 to 584). Bishop Martin of Dumio, a great religious figure of the time, converted the Suebi to Catholicism around 550. The importance of Braga diminished during Visigoth times and after the arrival of the Arabs (716) it lost its status as a bishopric.
The bishopric of Braga was restored around 1071 after the city was back into Christian hands, and Bishop Pedro soon began work on a cathedral. It was consecrated in 1089, when only the eastern chapels were finished. In 1107, Count Henri de Bourgogne and Bishop Geraldo de Moissac managed to convince the Pope to turn Braga into a powerful archbishopric, with authority over much of the surrounding area. Construction on the cathedral was then resumed under Henri de Bourgogne and Dona Teresa, and continued throughout the 12th century. It was destroyed in an earthquake in 1135, but the cathedral was rebuilt and became one of the most important buildings of the Portuguese Romanesque and the main monument of the city. The cathedral houses the tombs of Henry of Burgundy and his wife, Teresa de Leon, as well as the count and countess of the Portugal, the parents of King Alfonso I of Portugal.
Castle of Braga
Castle of Braga is a historical fortification and defensive line encircling the city of Braga. It was in 1300, that King Denis ordered the construction of the castle, and a year later the budget was applied to the project. Of the old castle only the keep tower remains, consisting of a rectangular footprint and vertical block covered in tile. The facades are built in granite masonry that is slightly staggered closer to the ground. It is four stories, or approximately 30 metres (98 ft) in height, with the first floor considerably taller than the remaining: it is about 12 metres (39 ft) tall. This section is marked by grooves where other buildings abutted the structure, some stones with identifiable inscriptions.
Castle of Braga is a historical fortification and defensive line encircling the city of Braga. It was in 1300, that King Denis ordered the construction of the castle, and a year later the budget was applied to the project. Of the old castle only the keep tower remains, consisting of a rectangular footprint and vertical block covered in tile. The facades are built in granite masonry that is slightly staggered closer to the ground. It is four stories, or approximately 30 metres (98 ft) in height, with the first floor considerably taller than the remaining: it is about 12 metres (39 ft) tall. This section is marked by grooves where other buildings abutted the structure, some stones with identifiable inscriptions.
Chapel of Saint Benedict of the Hospital
This is an important chapel where many supplicants stand before the railing hoping for divine intervention.
This is an important chapel where many supplicants stand before the railing hoping for divine intervention.
Guimaraes
Guimaraes lies in the verdant Minho countryside to the north of Porto. Although essentially a medieval city, its origins go back to the 10th century, when Countess Mumadona Dias founded a monastery that became the centre of a new settlement. To help its defense, she ordered a castle to be built on the nearby hill, thereby creating a second development. A narrow avenue called the Rua de Santa Maria linked these two villages and still exists today. Afonso Henriques, son of a French crusader and Dona Teresa, the illegitimate daughter of the King of Castilla y León, was born in this castle in 1111, and it is from Guimares that he began the project that would create the country of Portugal.
He re-conquered territories occupied by the Moors, and on June 24 1128, his troops won a key battle that contributed towards the country’s independence. He became Portugal’s first King and Guimaraes became known as the ‘Cradle City’. Throughout the medieval period, it was a popular pilgrimage destination and a thriving metropolis surrounded by walls and containing a host of magnificent buildings. The town’s historic heart, with its enclave of exceptionally well-preserved medieval monuments, is now a World Heritage site and was European Capital of Culture in 2012.
He re-conquered territories occupied by the Moors, and on June 24 1128, his troops won a key battle that contributed towards the country’s independence. He became Portugal’s first King and Guimaraes became known as the ‘Cradle City’. Throughout the medieval period, it was a popular pilgrimage destination and a thriving metropolis surrounded by walls and containing a host of magnificent buildings. The town’s historic heart, with its enclave of exceptionally well-preserved medieval monuments, is now a World Heritage site and was European Capital of Culture in 2012.
Guimaraes Caslte
The constant attacks by Moors and Normans lead to the construction of a fort to guard and defend the monks and the Christian community. Thus came into being the original castle in the 10th century. With the formation of the County of Portucalem in the 12th century Count D. Henrique and Countess D. Teresa came to live in Guimares. They enlarged and strengthened the castle and according to tradition it was here that they took up residence. According to tradition, here was born the first king of Portugal, Afonso Henriques in 1110. Between the 13th and 15th centuries various kings contributed to further improve the castle. Throughout its history it served as the backdrop for dynastic conflicts, none more heroic than the exploits leading to the foundation of the kingdom at the Battle of S. Mamede in 1128 for which reason it is also known as the Founding Castle or as the Castle of S. Mamede. Once it had lost its defensive function the castle was abandoned to progressive decline until the 20th century when it was classified as National Monument in 2007 and elected informally as one of the Seven Wonders of Portugal.
The constant attacks by Moors and Normans lead to the construction of a fort to guard and defend the monks and the Christian community. Thus came into being the original castle in the 10th century. With the formation of the County of Portucalem in the 12th century Count D. Henrique and Countess D. Teresa came to live in Guimares. They enlarged and strengthened the castle and according to tradition it was here that they took up residence. According to tradition, here was born the first king of Portugal, Afonso Henriques in 1110. Between the 13th and 15th centuries various kings contributed to further improve the castle. Throughout its history it served as the backdrop for dynastic conflicts, none more heroic than the exploits leading to the foundation of the kingdom at the Battle of S. Mamede in 1128 for which reason it is also known as the Founding Castle or as the Castle of S. Mamede. Once it had lost its defensive function the castle was abandoned to progressive decline until the 20th century when it was classified as National Monument in 2007 and elected informally as one of the Seven Wonders of Portugal.
Guimaraes Historic Center
The historic centre is formed by a large number of stone constructions (950-1498). The period from Renaissance to neoclassicism is characterized by noble houses and the development of civic facilities, city squares, etc. The eclectic and industrial periods and modern expansion (1926 until today) include some changes, although the town has maintained its medieval urban layout. The systems and building types have evolved over time. The residential buildings are characterized by the use of two construction techniques, one dating from before the 16th century (taipa de rodízio ), a half-timbered structure, which mixed granite with a structure in timber and a filling of sun-dried brick, using clay mortar. The other (taipa de fasquio ), which came into use in the 19th century and is still practiced today, was entirely in timber. From here this technology was exported to other parts of the world.
The historic centre is formed by a large number of stone constructions (950-1498). The period from Renaissance to neoclassicism is characterized by noble houses and the development of civic facilities, city squares, etc. The eclectic and industrial periods and modern expansion (1926 until today) include some changes, although the town has maintained its medieval urban layout. The systems and building types have evolved over time. The residential buildings are characterized by the use of two construction techniques, one dating from before the 16th century (taipa de rodízio ), a half-timbered structure, which mixed granite with a structure in timber and a filling of sun-dried brick, using clay mortar. The other (taipa de fasquio ), which came into use in the 19th century and is still practiced today, was entirely in timber. From here this technology was exported to other parts of the world.
Palace of the Dukes of Braganza
The residence was ordered to be built in the first quarter of the 15th century (likely 1420 to 1422) by Afonso, Count of Barcelos, and future Duke of Braganza. The construction of this building marked the concretization of his second marriage, when he took residence in the town. The project was given to French architect Antom. The commission continued into 1461, when Afonso died: the property and titles passed on to his brother, Fernando, although the widow, Constana de Noronha, continued to live at the residence and received the land rents from the holdings in Guimares. During the 16th century there was a move towards monumental construction, increasing at the time the main floor over the principal gate. This was a period when the second Duke of Braganza, Fernando, who pushed for a symmetrical design and layout. But, Fernando's move to Vila Viosa during the 16th century, meant that the residence was closed for long periods. At the beginning of the 20th century, the medieval structure was irredeemably corrupted. Architect Rogério de Azevedo was commissioned in 1936 to complete the restoration, forcing the abandonment of the space by the military. Today, part of the property has been reconverted into a Museum, whose collection and disposition are to educate the public on its history during the 16th and 17th century.
The residence was ordered to be built in the first quarter of the 15th century (likely 1420 to 1422) by Afonso, Count of Barcelos, and future Duke of Braganza. The construction of this building marked the concretization of his second marriage, when he took residence in the town. The project was given to French architect Antom. The commission continued into 1461, when Afonso died: the property and titles passed on to his brother, Fernando, although the widow, Constana de Noronha, continued to live at the residence and received the land rents from the holdings in Guimares. During the 16th century there was a move towards monumental construction, increasing at the time the main floor over the principal gate. This was a period when the second Duke of Braganza, Fernando, who pushed for a symmetrical design and layout. But, Fernando's move to Vila Viosa during the 16th century, meant that the residence was closed for long periods. At the beginning of the 20th century, the medieval structure was irredeemably corrupted. Architect Rogério de Azevedo was commissioned in 1936 to complete the restoration, forcing the abandonment of the space by the military. Today, part of the property has been reconverted into a Museum, whose collection and disposition are to educate the public on its history during the 16th and 17th century.
Porto
Porto put the ‘Portu’ in ‘Portugal’. The name dates from Roman times, when Lusitanian settlements straddled both sides of the Douro’s banks. The area was briefly in the hands of Moors but was reconquered by AD 1000 and reorganized as the county of Portucale, with Porto as its capital. British-born Henri of Burgundy was granted the land in 1095, and it was from here that Henri’s son and Portuguese hero Afonso Henriques launched the Reconquista (Christian reconquest), ultimately winning Portugal its status as an independent kingdom.
In 1387 Dom Joo I married Philippa of Lancaster in Porto, and their most famous son, Henry the Navigator, was born here. While Henry’s explorers groped around Africa for a sea route to India, British wine merchants –forbidden to trade with the French – set up shop, and their presence continues to this day. Porto became a major trading port and in the 15th century it was one of the greatest ship building centers in Portugal.
Over the following centuries Porto acquired a well-earned reputation for rebelliousness. In 1628 a mob of angry women attacked the minister responsible for a tax on linen. A ‘tipplers’ riot’ against the Marqus de Pombal’s regulation of the port-wine trade was savagely put down in 1757. And in 1808, as Napoleon’s troops occupied the city, Porto citizens arrested the French governor and set up their own, short-lived junta. After the British helped drive out the French, Porto radicals were at it again, leading calls for a new liberal constitution, which they got in 1822. Demonstrations in support of liberals continued to erupt in Porto throughout the 19th century. Porto has a long tradition of defense of civil rights. Its population withstood a long military siege by the royalist forces between 1832 and 1833. The sacrifice of the people, who fought to support the Constitutional Chart, made the victory of the Liberal cause possible. As a result of this heroic action, King Pedro IV described the city as the “very noble, undefeated and ever loyal city of Porto”. Meanwhile, wine profits helped fund the city’s industrialization, which began in earnest in the late 19th century, when elites in the rest of Portugal tended to see trade and manufacturing as vulgar. Today, the city remains the economic capital of northern Portugal and is surpassed only by much-larger Lisbon in terms of economic and social clout. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
In 1387 Dom Joo I married Philippa of Lancaster in Porto, and their most famous son, Henry the Navigator, was born here. While Henry’s explorers groped around Africa for a sea route to India, British wine merchants –forbidden to trade with the French – set up shop, and their presence continues to this day. Porto became a major trading port and in the 15th century it was one of the greatest ship building centers in Portugal.
Over the following centuries Porto acquired a well-earned reputation for rebelliousness. In 1628 a mob of angry women attacked the minister responsible for a tax on linen. A ‘tipplers’ riot’ against the Marqus de Pombal’s regulation of the port-wine trade was savagely put down in 1757. And in 1808, as Napoleon’s troops occupied the city, Porto citizens arrested the French governor and set up their own, short-lived junta. After the British helped drive out the French, Porto radicals were at it again, leading calls for a new liberal constitution, which they got in 1822. Demonstrations in support of liberals continued to erupt in Porto throughout the 19th century. Porto has a long tradition of defense of civil rights. Its population withstood a long military siege by the royalist forces between 1832 and 1833. The sacrifice of the people, who fought to support the Constitutional Chart, made the victory of the Liberal cause possible. As a result of this heroic action, King Pedro IV described the city as the “very noble, undefeated and ever loyal city of Porto”. Meanwhile, wine profits helped fund the city’s industrialization, which began in earnest in the late 19th century, when elites in the rest of Portugal tended to see trade and manufacturing as vulgar. Today, the city remains the economic capital of northern Portugal and is surpassed only by much-larger Lisbon in terms of economic and social clout. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Arrabida Bridge
The least attractive of the city's bridges, but representing a mean feat of engineering: spanning 270 meters, and supported by a single arch. It was the largest such reinforced concrete bridge when inaugurated in 1963.
The least attractive of the city's bridges, but representing a mean feat of engineering: spanning 270 meters, and supported by a single arch. It was the largest such reinforced concrete bridge when inaugurated in 1963.
Clerigos Tower
The church proper was built between 1732 and 1750, but the construction works at the Clerigos Tower started no sooner than 1754, only to be completed in 1763. At the moment of its construction, the Clerigos Tower was the tallest building in Portugal. As the main feature of the city's skyline, ships used it as a guide when coming into Cais da Ribeira. It amounts to some 76 meters in height, counting about 230 steps visitors can use in order to climb the six levels of the structure in order to get to the belfry and admire the view of Porto.
The church proper was built between 1732 and 1750, but the construction works at the Clerigos Tower started no sooner than 1754, only to be completed in 1763. At the moment of its construction, the Clerigos Tower was the tallest building in Portugal. As the main feature of the city's skyline, ships used it as a guide when coming into Cais da Ribeira. It amounts to some 76 meters in height, counting about 230 steps visitors can use in order to climb the six levels of the structure in order to get to the belfry and admire the view of Porto.
Dom Luis Bridge
Oporto's iconic bridge opened in 1886, when it held the record for the longest iron arch in the world. Today the metro crosses the upper level, while the lower level is used by cars and pedestrians to cross the river between the center of Oporto and the spectacular city views and port wine warehouses of the municipality of Vila Nova de Gaia.
Oporto's iconic bridge opened in 1886, when it held the record for the longest iron arch in the world. Today the metro crosses the upper level, while the lower level is used by cars and pedestrians to cross the river between the center of Oporto and the spectacular city views and port wine warehouses of the municipality of Vila Nova de Gaia.
Dona Maria Pia Bridge
The most famous of all is the impressive Dona Maria Pia Bridge, also an iron railway bridge, completed in 1876. Designed by Gustave Eiffel before he built the famous Paris tower, and named after King Luis I's wife, it held the world record for the largest span for seven years. It remained in service until 1991 but today it stands as a national monument (it has also been designated an "International Historic Civil Engineering Landmark" by the American Society of Civi Engineers).
The most famous of all is the impressive Dona Maria Pia Bridge, also an iron railway bridge, completed in 1876. Designed by Gustave Eiffel before he built the famous Paris tower, and named after King Luis I's wife, it held the world record for the largest span for seven years. It remained in service until 1991 but today it stands as a national monument (it has also been designated an "International Historic Civil Engineering Landmark" by the American Society of Civi Engineers).
Douro River
The source of the Duero (the Spanish name for the Douro) river is found in the Sória province in the Serra de Urbión mountains. As it crosses the border it becomes the Douro and is fed by the waters from the Águeda river and its twin, the Ca river. Over its 850 kilometer stretch it also meets with other rivers, such as the river Tua, the river Sabor, the river Pinho the river Távora. The Douro waterway stretches for 200 kilometres from the Crestuma-Lever dam to the Pocinho dam. These waters have been navigable since remote times and have been travelled by the Rabelo boats since the 13th century. With the internationalization of Port Wine, the traffic on the river increased as they carried the barrels of wine to Porto. The river does not only sustain the wildlife, but the local people are also often seen fishing or using the water to irrigate their crops. Escalo, fresh water eels, trout, perch, carpe, barbell and blue mussels are just some of the marine species found in the Douro river. The banks of the Douro are home to the world heritage sites and regions nearby such as the Historic centre of Porto, the historic centre of Guimares, the Upper Douro Wine-Producing region and the Vale do Ca.
The source of the Duero (the Spanish name for the Douro) river is found in the Sória province in the Serra de Urbión mountains. As it crosses the border it becomes the Douro and is fed by the waters from the Águeda river and its twin, the Ca river. Over its 850 kilometer stretch it also meets with other rivers, such as the river Tua, the river Sabor, the river Pinho the river Távora. The Douro waterway stretches for 200 kilometres from the Crestuma-Lever dam to the Pocinho dam. These waters have been navigable since remote times and have been travelled by the Rabelo boats since the 13th century. With the internationalization of Port Wine, the traffic on the river increased as they carried the barrels of wine to Porto. The river does not only sustain the wildlife, but the local people are also often seen fishing or using the water to irrigate their crops. Escalo, fresh water eels, trout, perch, carpe, barbell and blue mussels are just some of the marine species found in the Douro river. The banks of the Douro are home to the world heritage sites and regions nearby such as the Historic centre of Porto, the historic centre of Guimares, the Upper Douro Wine-Producing region and the Vale do Ca.
Lello Bookstore
Lonely Planet considered Lello & Irmo Bookstore as the third most beautiful library in the world. The facade is only surpassed by its stunning interior, designed by Xavier Esteves. The building was inaugurated on January 13th, 1906, in an important social event for both Portuguese and Brazilian societies.
Rumor has it that J.K. Rowling’s inspiration to write Harry Potter has begun in Porto, particularly at this library. The well-known writer lived in Porto for 10 years working as an English teacher in the early 1990s and she used to drink a cup of coffee at the second floor of Lello’s bookstore. There are indeed great similarities between Lello’s bookstore staircase and the one described in Hogwarts. It is also believed that the Hogwarts’ costume was inspired by the costumes of college students in Portugal, composed of a black suit and a black coat – these students are very likely to be found around this area.
Lonely Planet considered Lello & Irmo Bookstore as the third most beautiful library in the world. The facade is only surpassed by its stunning interior, designed by Xavier Esteves. The building was inaugurated on January 13th, 1906, in an important social event for both Portuguese and Brazilian societies.
Rumor has it that J.K. Rowling’s inspiration to write Harry Potter has begun in Porto, particularly at this library. The well-known writer lived in Porto for 10 years working as an English teacher in the early 1990s and she used to drink a cup of coffee at the second floor of Lello’s bookstore. There are indeed great similarities between Lello’s bookstore staircase and the one described in Hogwarts. It is also believed that the Hogwarts’ costume was inspired by the costumes of college students in Portugal, composed of a black suit and a black coat – these students are very likely to be found around this area.
Majestic Cafe
With its distinctive Art Nouveau faade of curvaceous stonework and undulating motifs, this sparkling gem of a coffeehouse is unmistakable. Inside, a vintage 1920s ambiance percolates the salon. Arranged throughout the lavish interior are the original carved wood chairs and marble-topped tables that lend Majestic its delightfully bohemian flavor. Cherubs and lamplights cling to the plasterwork ceiling. Gracing the walls are sets of huge Flemish mirrors that reflect the evocative, yesteryear character. This is the most celebrated of Oporto's cafes, and one of Europe's most historical. Author J.K. Rowling worked on the draft of her first book Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone while sipping coffee at a table near the entrance.
With its distinctive Art Nouveau faade of curvaceous stonework and undulating motifs, this sparkling gem of a coffeehouse is unmistakable. Inside, a vintage 1920s ambiance percolates the salon. Arranged throughout the lavish interior are the original carved wood chairs and marble-topped tables that lend Majestic its delightfully bohemian flavor. Cherubs and lamplights cling to the plasterwork ceiling. Gracing the walls are sets of huge Flemish mirrors that reflect the evocative, yesteryear character. This is the most celebrated of Oporto's cafes, and one of Europe's most historical. Author J.K. Rowling worked on the draft of her first book Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone while sipping coffee at a table near the entrance.
Ponte do Infante
With a 280 metre span, Ponte do Infante is the World’s largest single span concrete bridge
With a 280 metre span, Ponte do Infante is the World’s largest single span concrete bridge
Porto Cathedral
The edifice was built between the 12th and the 13th century and in time it suffered structural and decorative additions and alterations, reflecting, the way the architectural tendencies influenced the development of Porto itself in time. The most significant alterations were carried out between the 17th and the 18th century, though earlier modifications of the original patrimony can definitely be pointed out. Thus, the Gothic cloister was built in the 14th century, and its ceramic tile (azulejos) decorations, which depict scenes inspired by the Song of Solomon, were added even later. The 16th century saw the construction of the Chapel of Saint Vincent, which can be entered right from the cloister. The north facade was added in the first half of the 18th century (1736), a work by Nicolau Nasoni. An interesting historical reference related to the Porto Cathedral is this is the place where Prince Henry the Navigator was baptized.
The edifice was built between the 12th and the 13th century and in time it suffered structural and decorative additions and alterations, reflecting, the way the architectural tendencies influenced the development of Porto itself in time. The most significant alterations were carried out between the 17th and the 18th century, though earlier modifications of the original patrimony can definitely be pointed out. Thus, the Gothic cloister was built in the 14th century, and its ceramic tile (azulejos) decorations, which depict scenes inspired by the Song of Solomon, were added even later. The 16th century saw the construction of the Chapel of Saint Vincent, which can be entered right from the cloister. The north facade was added in the first half of the 18th century (1736), a work by Nicolau Nasoni. An interesting historical reference related to the Porto Cathedral is this is the place where Prince Henry the Navigator was baptized.
Sao Bento Train Station
The station is built on the site of an old Benedictine monastery, named Sao Bento de Ave Maria, dating back to the 16th century. With the expansion of the railways, it was decided the site should be the new home of Porto’s mainline station, and work began on the terminal building in 1900. The first stone was laid by King Carlos I to underline his support of the project. Due to the sheer size of the project, Sao Bento Train Station was finally inaugurated in 1916. 20,000 traditional azulejos, or Portuguese tiles, were used to adorn the interior. The tiles were the work of Jorge Colaco, the most renowned tile painter in Portugal at the time. These distinctive blue and white panels depict a series of scenes from Porto everyday life and history, from King Joao I and Queen Philippa of Lancaster standing by the cathedral in 1387 and Prince Henry the Navigator conquering Ceuta in Morocco, to a representation of the Battle of Arcos de Valdevez and the meeting of the Knight Egas Moniz and Alfonso VII of Leon in the 12th century.
The station is built on the site of an old Benedictine monastery, named Sao Bento de Ave Maria, dating back to the 16th century. With the expansion of the railways, it was decided the site should be the new home of Porto’s mainline station, and work began on the terminal building in 1900. The first stone was laid by King Carlos I to underline his support of the project. Due to the sheer size of the project, Sao Bento Train Station was finally inaugurated in 1916. 20,000 traditional azulejos, or Portuguese tiles, were used to adorn the interior. The tiles were the work of Jorge Colaco, the most renowned tile painter in Portugal at the time. These distinctive blue and white panels depict a series of scenes from Porto everyday life and history, from King Joao I and Queen Philippa of Lancaster standing by the cathedral in 1387 and Prince Henry the Navigator conquering Ceuta in Morocco, to a representation of the Battle of Arcos de Valdevez and the meeting of the Knight Egas Moniz and Alfonso VII of Leon in the 12th century.
Sao Francisco Church
The church is a perfect example of Rococo or Late Baroque architecture with its pillars and columns ornate with cherubs, rose garlands, fruits, and animals. Although the St Francis church of Oporto was built between 1383 and 1410, it was in the 17th and 18th centuries that it underwent a huge baroque decoration. Staying true to the ornate architectural style of that period in the human history, it boasts of a strict gothic facade and an interior of gilded wood carvings and earthly designs made of gold. The little that is not covered in pure gold (it is said that there is 400kg of it here) such as the wide-ribbed Gothic arches, is made of marble. There are catacombs beneath the church’s three interior chapels. These catacombs house the church’s small museum that keeps artifacts from the former Franciscan monastery.
The church is a perfect example of Rococo or Late Baroque architecture with its pillars and columns ornate with cherubs, rose garlands, fruits, and animals. Although the St Francis church of Oporto was built between 1383 and 1410, it was in the 17th and 18th centuries that it underwent a huge baroque decoration. Staying true to the ornate architectural style of that period in the human history, it boasts of a strict gothic facade and an interior of gilded wood carvings and earthly designs made of gold. The little that is not covered in pure gold (it is said that there is 400kg of it here) such as the wide-ribbed Gothic arches, is made of marble. There are catacombs beneath the church’s three interior chapels. These catacombs house the church’s small museum that keeps artifacts from the former Franciscan monastery.